数学上，平方数，或称完全平方数，是指可以写成某个整数的平方的数，即其平方根为整数的数。例如，9 = 3 × 3，它是一个平方数。

平方数也称正方形数，若 n 为平方数，将 n 个点排成矩形，可以排成一个正方形。

若将平方数概念扩展到有理数，则两个平方数的比仍然是平方数，例如， (2 × 2) / (3 × 3) = 4/9 = 2/3 × 2/3。

若一个整数没有除了 1 之外的平方数为其因数，则称其为无平方数因数的数。

In mathematics, a square number or perfect square is an integer that is the square of an integer; in other words, it is the product of some integer with itself. For example, 9 is a square number, since it can be written as 3 × 3.

The usual notation for the formula for the square of a number n is not the product n × n, but the equivalent exponentiation n, usually pronounced as "n squared". The name square number comes from the name of the shape; see below.